儒学

 中国古代最有影响的学术传统。“儒” 最初泛指一切“术士”,据 《说文解字》: “儒，柔也。术士之称。”大概因为 “术士”不象武士那样孔武有力，表现出一种文弱迂缓的神气，故被人统称为 “儒”。孔子博学多艺，而且温良恭俭让，算得上是典型的 “儒者”。但孔子并未自称为“儒” 或 “儒家”,据郭沫若考证，在孔子时代，“儒”并非尊称，恰恰相反，“儒”是墨家对孔门的鄙称，后来相沿成俗，就成了孔门的学名。也有人认为，“儒” 在孔子时代指一种以宗教为生的职业，因孔子熟悉治丧、祭神等各种宗教礼仪，故被人称为 “儒”。无论如何，“儒” 或 “儒家”都不是孔门自家挂上的招牌，而是门外人给取的名号，叫来叫去，连孔门自家也不得不认可。儒家之学就是儒学，和儒教既有联系，又有区别，正如道家和道教一样，不能完全划等号。简单地说，儒教是历代王朝尊奉的国家宗教，而儒学则是在儒教基础上发展起来的一个学术传统。传统目录学将图书分为经史子集四部，儒教经典及注经之作属经部，而儒家著述(如 《荀子》、《朱子语类》等)则属子部。从孔子开始，儒学的历史延续了两千多年，而且在海外至今仍有传人(新儒家),这在世界文化史上堪称奇迹。基本原因就是，儒学植根于中国固有的价值系统而又能随时自我调整，以适应时代和社会的变化。这一固有的价值系统就是人伦，孟子曾经概括为 “五伦”: “父子有亲，君臣有义，夫妇有别，长幼有序，朋友有信。”汉代儒家概括为 “三纲五常”: 君臣、父子、夫妇和仁、义、礼、智、信。现代学者概括为伦理本位主义。历代的儒家之学就是围绕着这一中心而展开的。儒家注重社会和人事，以修身齐家治国平天下为人生追求，用西方哲学术语说，就是注重“此岸”。这一人世精神，从孔子开始就成为儒家的学术传统。孔子首开私家讲学之风，但其目的并非培养 “象牙之塔” 中的学者或书生，而是造就各类社会人才，主要是政治人才。据 《论语·先进》载，孔子曾说其门下的弟子可分为德行、言语、政事、文学四科，其中，只有文学一科才以熟悉古代文献为看家本领。汉代以后，儒家更是以 “经世” 为心，故古代有 “儒臣” 和 “儒将” 之说。显然，从个人来说，传统意义上的儒家绝非埋头故纸堆的迂夫子，而是以天下为己任的学术精英、活跃在社会生活中或政治舞台上的风云人物等。直到五四新文化运动后，儒家才逐渐退出政治舞台和社会生活，而成为高等学府纯学术研究的对象。《汉书·艺文志》说： “儒家者流，盖出于司徒之官，助人君顺阴阳明教化者也。游文于六经之中，留意于仁义之际，祖述尧、舜，宪章文、武，宗师仲尼，以重其言，于道为最高。”从学术传授的形式说，儒家的特点是以传经的方式来传道，即通过传授六经来传授其 “修齐治平” 的思想。汉王朝以继承三代中原文化正统为其文化建设的基本路线，而所谓三代文化就是儒家所传六经，汉王朝因宗经而尊儒，儒家从此就交上了好运，成为历代王朝的官方哲学。尽管如此，儒家之学却并非死水一潭，而是中华历代思想精英集体智慧的结晶。作为一种学术文化传统，儒家在其两千多年的发展中，随时代变化而形成了众多的流派与学派，如通常所说的先秦儒学、汉唐经学、宋明理学等等，而其中又是门户林立，令人叹为观止。因此，要想简明扼要地描述历代儒家所提供的思想智慧是非常困难的。但有一点却可以肯定，儒家所信奉的价值观念及其所提供的思想智慧，不仅是封建时代的产物，而且也是华夏民族的文化精华，故 “孔家店”始终打而不倒，现代新儒家甚至有所谓 “儒家资本主义” 的说法，而且预言下一个世纪，儒家将在继秦汉儒学、宋明理学之后，经过创造性的转化，迎来第三次辉煌的大发展。

儒学

❶ 儒家学说。《史记·五宗世家》：“（河间献王德）好～，被服造次，必于儒者。”
❷ 元、明、清在府、州、县设立的学校。汤显祖《牡丹亭·腐叹》：“自家南安府～生员陈最良，表字伯粹。”

派别

派（派系） 宗 山头(削平～) 门户
派别，门派：部(党～)
派系与门第：党甲
学术或宗教派别：门(孔～)
学术上的各种派别：百家(～争鸣) 九源
一门学问中由于学说师承不同而形成的派别：学派 学流 学脉 门仞
各种学派：群学
各个学派：诸家
自成一家的学派：一家之学
不同的派别出自同一本源：异派同源
另外兴起的派别：异军
先秦时期的一个思想流派：儒(儒家；儒学；儒教；儒门；儒业；儒科)
先秦学术思想派别的总称：百家诸子
政治派别：政派
政治活动中的派别：翼(右～)
政治上倾向进步或革命的一派：左派
政治、学术、文艺、宗教等方面的不同派别：宗（宗派）
独霸一方的宗派：山头(另立～)
不同宗派：异宗
各政党或政党中的各派：党派
邪恶的党派：孽党 淫朋 蜮党
某宗教内部的派别：教派
宗教教派：教门
佛教各宗派：诸宗
一线相传的或亲信的派系：嫡系 嫡派
学派、党派等一脉相传的嫡派：嫡统 适统 正统 正绪 正体
非正统的派别：异教 邪宗
不正派的宗教派别或学术派别：旁门左道 傍门外道 旁门外道 旁门小道 左道旁门 左道外门 邪魔外道 野狐外道 邪魔歪道 天魔外道
(学术、宗教、政党等内部因主张不同而形成的分支：派别)

另见：组织3 团体 结合

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学说

学(～术；～理；国～；家～) 说(说论；著书立～) 论(理～；进化～) 言
各种学说：众学
各种学说或议论：众说
主旨各异之语，各种学说：杂语
各派学说：杂术
各家学说：诸子百家 百家诸子
百家的学说：杂说
关于世界观、方法论的学说：哲学
儒家的学说：儒学 贵学 逢掖 阙里 孔孟之道
孔子的学说主张：孔教
解释儒家经书的学说：经学 经术 艺学
佛教的学说：佛学 释学 梵学 方外之学
道教的学说：玄（玄学） 道学
道家的处世哲学：雌节
儒家以外的学说：异端
古代术数家的学说：阳九
称霸的学说：霸论
阴阳五行之学：阴阳学
一家的学说：一家
一个学派或一个人的观点学说：一家之言一家之学 一家之说 一家之论 一家之辞
自成一家之学：颛家
自成一家的偏执学说或言论：家言邪说家言邪学
前人留下的学说：遗学
世代相传的某种学说：心传
著名的学说、学派、学问：显学
雅正的学说：雅说
指导人解除困惑、把握真谛的学说和方法等：金绳宝筏 宝筏金绳
杂乱的学说：杂学
冷僻之学：隐学
不同的学说：异说 异家
不合正道的学说或行径：邪魔怪道
非正统思想和荒谬有害的学说或言论：异端邪说 邪魔外道 邪说异端 野狐外道 邪魔歪道 天魔外道
非正统的异端学说：邪说
学说的精髓：关津
学说的源流：节脉
儒家经学衰败：五经扫地

另见：文人 学问 造诣

儒学

❶指儒家的学说。《史记·五宗世家》：“河间献王德，以孝景帝前二年用皇子为河间王。好儒学，被服造次必于儒者。”
❷元、明、清在地方府、州、县所设立的官办学校，称儒学。

儒学

学校。元、明、清代在府、州、县设官学，通称儒学。《清史稿·职官志三》： “儒学： 府，教授 （正七品）; 训导 （从八品）。州，学正 （正八品）; 训导。县，教谕 （正八品）; 训导，俱各1人。教授、学正、教谕，掌训迪学校生徒，课艺业勤惰，评品行优劣，以听于学政。训导佐之。初沿明制，府、厅、州、县及各卫武学并置学官。康熙三年 (公元1664年) 府、州及大县省训导，小县省教谕。十五年复置，自是教职分正复。厥后开俊秀监生捐纳教职例。三十年，允江南学政许汝霖请，凡捐学正、教谕者改为县丞，训导改为主簿，繇是唯生员始得入赀，教授必由科目。”

儒学

分为“文学”、“武学”与“商学”等。尽管其创办目的各有差异，其所学内容均为儒家的经典书籍，故在形式上统称儒学。“文学”以学文为主，“武学”以弓箭、拳术等武艺为主，“商学”教学内容与“文学”相同。清代地方府州及县两级设学。在府称府学，在州称州学，在县称县学，也统称儒学。清雍正三年(1725)，天津改卫为州设州学。雍正九年(1731)，天津升州为府设府学。天津府又辖天津县，雍正十二年(1734)，知府李敏达又在天津府学西（今文庙西侧）增建县学。天津的儒学分为府学和县学两级。

儒学

泛指儒家学派的学说。“儒”源于术士，后指知礼、乐、射、御、术、数以“教民”的知识分子。到孔子自称为儒，遂成一派学者专称。历代传承发展，孔子后“儒分为八”，秦汉有儒学十五派。佛教传入、道教兴起后，一切非佛非道的学说，均称儒学。其正统代表人物，先秦有孔、孟、荀； 汉有董仲舒、郑玄、刘歆； 魏晋有王弼、何晏； 唐有孔款达、韩愈； 宋明有程、朱、陆、王； 清代有朴学大师。

儒学儒學rú xué

元明清在府、州、县设立学校，供生员读书，称儒学。《本草纲目·疏》：“湖广黄州府儒学增广生员李建元谨奏。”

儒学

❶即儒家思想学说。儒家以孔子为宗师，以《六艺》为经典，“游文于《六经》之中，留意于仁义之际，祖述尧、舜，宪章文、武，宗师仲尼，以重其言，於道最为高。”(《汉书·艺文志》)先秦时期，儒为显学之首，“世之显学，儒、墨也。”(《韩非子·显学》)“儒之所至，孔丘也。”(《韩非子·显学》)孔子死后，儒分为八，七十子之徒散游诸侯，至孟轲、荀卿，复显于当世。汉兴，《六经》复起，立学官，设博士，罢黜百家，独尊儒术，形成以经学为表现形式的儒学一统天下。传经、注经、说经、解经，使经学典籍之繁浩，皓首难穷。宋明之后，追求义理之学蔚然兴起，以理学为表现形式的儒学又长期统治了中国社会之意识形态领域。故儒学的内容实为两大部分，其一为义理之学，着力于儒家主要代表人物的思想学说；其二为经籍之学，着力于《六经》的流传、演变及浩如烟海的历代阐释。
❷以儒家思想学说为研究对象的科学，指现代社会科学的一个学科。

儒学ru xue

❶Confucian studies
❷ government-run Confucian schools at county and prefectural levels in the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties

儒学ru xue

Confucian studies;government-run Confucian schools at county and prefectural levels in the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties

儒学

Confucian school

儒学

Confucianism

儒学rú xuéConfucianism

爱人 [ài rén] love for people
爱无差等 [ài wú chā děnɡ] loving all uniformly
安 [ān] peacefulness of spirit
安其危 [ān qí wēi] making perils safepossessedness
安仁 [ān rén] resting in virtue; being content with virtue
安社稷 [ān shè jì] tranquilizing the state
邦无道 [bānɡ wú dào] badly-governed country
邦有道 [bānɡ yǒu dào] well-governed country
保民 [bǎo mín] protecting the people
本末 [běn mò] root and branch
必敬 [bì jìnɡ] always with respectfulness
辟言 [pì yán] restraining from inflammatory words
避世 [bì shì] retreating from the world
避邪 [bì xié] avoiding evil influences
辨惑 [biàn huò] uncovering delusions
博学 [bó xué] extensive learning/study
博以文 [bó yǐ wén] expanding the mind with learning
不报无道 [bú bào wú dào] not revenging unreasonable conduct
不耻下问 [bú chǐ xià wèn] not feel shame to ask of and learn from one’s inferior
不党 [bú dǎnɡ] non-partisan
不动而敬 [bú dònɡ ér jìnɡ] inspiring respect without acting
不费 [bú fèi] without great expenditure
不惑 [bú huò] without doubts/suspicions
不骄 [bù jiāo] without pride
不惧 [bú jù] without fear
不陵下 [bú línɡ xià] not treat one’s inferior with contempt
不猛 [bú měnɡ] without fierceness
不迁怒 [bú qiān nù] not transferring anger
不仁 [bù rén] without the virtues proper to humanity
不贪 [bú tān] without greed
不忘 [bú wànɡ] without forgetfulness
不习 [bú xí] not practised
不信 [bú xìn] insincere
不言而信 [bù yán ér xìn] inspiring confidence without words
不义 [bú yì] contrary to right conduct
不忧 [bú yōu] without anxiety
不逾矩 [bú yú jǔ] without transgressing what is right
不援上 [bú yuán shànɡ] not courting the favor of superiors
不怨 [bú yuàn] uncomplaining
不怨天 [bú yuàn tiān] without complaints to Heaven
不知类 [bù zhī lèi] ignorance of the relative importance of things
不忠 [bù zhōnɡ] disloyal
不愠 [bú yùn] not indignant
不愆 [bú qiān] without transgression
察其所安 [chá qí suǒ ān] examining that which contents/pacifies one
长戚戚 [chánɡ qī qī] constantly distressed
成于乐 [chénɡ yú yuè] complete one’s upbringing with Music
诚明 [chénɡ mínɡ] knowledge following from sincerity
充塞仁义 [chōnɡ sè rén yì] full of benevolence and righteousness
崇德 [chónɡ dé] exalting virtue
聪 [cōnɡ] quick apprehension
达道 [dá dào] the universal truth
达德 [dá dé] the universal virtue
得志 [dé zhì] attaining one’s purpose
弟 [dì] playing the part of a respectful and obedient brother
定 [dìnɡ] determination
动心忍性 [dònɡ xīn rěn xìnɡ] stimulating oneself, but controlling one’s presence of mind
独善其身 [dú shàn qí shēn] attending to one’s own goodness in solitude
笃行 [dǔ xínɡ] work perseveringly
笃志 [dǔ zhì] having a firm and sincere aim
饿其体肤 [è qí tǐ fū] exposing one’s body to hunger
发愤忘食 [fā fèn wànɡ shí] so eager to study that one forgets about food
反省而诚 [fǎn xǐnɡ ér chénɡ] becoming sincere after self-examination
犯上 [fàn shànɡ] offending one’s superiors
泛爱众 [fàn ài zhònɡ] overflowing with love for all
放淫辞 [fànɡ yín cí] banishing licentious expressions
放于利而行 [fànɡ yú lì ér xínɡ] acting with an eye open for advantages
夫妇有别 [fū fù yǒu bié] the attention paid to the proper and different roles of husband and wife
服其劳 [fú qí láo] bearing the burden of laborious matters
富贵不能淫 [fù ɡuì bù nénɡ yín] unable to be lewd or corrupted by the power of riches and position
刚 [ɡānɡ] unyielding
格物 [ɡé wù] investigation and research of things
恭 [ɡōnɡ] reverent; respectful
恭而安 [ɡōnɡ ér ān] respectful yet composed
孤臣孽子 [ɡū chén niè zǐ] the last surviving loyal minister and the final heir
寡悔 [ɡuǎ huǐ] few occasions for regret
寡尤 [ɡuǎ yóu] few occasions for blame
寡欲 [ɡuǎ yù] lessening desires
观 [ɡuān] self-contemplation; self-introspection
观其所由 [ɡuān qí suǒ yóu] marking another’s motives
观其行 [ɡuān qí xínɡ] observing one’s conduct
观其志 [ɡuān qí zhì] observing one’s will or ambitions
归仁 [ɡuī rén] turning to a goal of benevolence
果 [ɡuǒ] determined decision
好礼 [hào lǐ] thoroughly like propriety
好勇 [hǎo yǒnɡ] loving valor
好战 [hào zhàn] fond of war
和为贵 [hé wéi ɡuì] peacefulness is prized
衡于虑 [hénɡ yú lǜ] although perplexed, but still balanced
弘毅 [hónɡ yì] liberal-mindedness and vigorous endurance
后义 [hòu yì] putting righteousness last
怀德 [huái dé] cherishing virtue
怀惠 [huái huì] cherishing favors/favours
怀刑 [huái xínɡ] having a fear of the law
己欲达而达人 [jǐ yù dá ér dá rén] developing oneself, and seeking also to develop others
己欲立而立人 [jǐ yù lì ér lì rén] establishing oneself, and seeking also to establish others
兼爱 [jiān ài] loving all equally
兼善天下 [jiān shàn tiān xià] making the whole world full of goodness in joining with it
骄且吝 [jiāo qiě lìn] proud and stingy
节用 [jié yònɡ] frugality; careful use of resources
竭其力 [jié qí lì] exerting one’s utmost strength
矜而不争 [jīn ér bù zhēnɡ] being dignified and not inclined to arguing
谨而信 [jǐn ér xìn] prudent and truthful
进取 [jìn qǔ] advancing and laying hold of (truth)
进以礼 [jìn yǐ lǐ] going well-mannered into office
近思 [jìn sī] thinking with self-application
近忧 [jìn yōu] sorrow near at hand
尽其心 [jìn qí xīn] employing all of one’s mental
尽心 [jìn xīn] using one’s mind to the utmost
尽性 [jìn xìnɡ] full development of human nature
静 [jìnɡ] calmness of mind
敬 [jìnɡ] respect
敬老慈幼 [jìnɡ lǎo cí yòu] respecting the old and being kind to the young
敬事 [jìnɡ shì] reverent attention paid to work
据于道 [jù yú dào] holding onto that which is good
君臣有义 [jūn chén yǒu yì] the appropriate sense of righteousness between sovereign and minister
君为轻 [jūn wéi qīnɡ] The sovereign is the least important.
克己复礼 [kè jǐ fù lǐ] controlling oneself and observing polite ways
克明峻德 [kè mínɡ jùn dé] make one’s virtuous eminence known
空乏其身 [kōnɡ fá qí shēn] subjecting oneself to extreme poverty
苦其心志 [kǔ qí xīn zhì] suffering with one’s mind
宽柔以教 [kuān róu yǐ jiào] showing forbearance and gentleness in teaching
狂简 [kuánɡ jiǎn] ambitious, but hasty
困于心 [kùn yú xīn] distressed in mind
劳力 [láo lì] laboring with strength
劳其筋骨 [láo qí jīn ɡǔ] toiling with one’s sinews and bones
劳心 [láo xīn] laboring with the mind
老者安之 [lǎo zhě ān zhī] giving rest to the aged
乐山 [lè shān] enjoying (scenic) hills
乐水 [lè shuǐ] enjoying (scenic) lakes and streams
乐天 [lè tiān] delighting in the world
乐以忘忧 [lè yǐ wànɡ yōu] so joyful (over something) that one forgets his sorrow
利 [lì] profit; profitability
立命 [lì mìnɡ] recognize and develop one’s being
立于礼 [lì yú lǐ] behavior established by the Rule of Propriety
力行进乎仁 [lì xínɡ jìn hū rén] Practising in earnest, one draws near benevolence.
良臣 [liánɡ chén] good ministers
临事而惧 [lín shì ér jù] proceeding to action with fear or anxiety
令色 [lìnɡ sè] assumed appearance; insinuating expression
虑 [lǜ] deliberation
率性 [shuài xìnɡ] according to/following what is natural
乱本 [luàn běn] confuse the basis of something
敏而好学 [mǐn ér hào xué] having an active nature and liking learning
敏于事 [mǐn yú shì] earnest in one’s doings
敏于行 [mǐn yú xínɡ] quick in action
明 [mínɡ] clear in discernment; brilliance; brightness
明辨 [mínɡ biàn] clear discrimination
明诚 [mínɡ chénɡ] sincerity following from knowledge
明明德 [mínɡ mínɡ dé] illustrate illustrious virtue
明人伦 [mínɡ rén lún] clarifying human relations
命 [mìnɡ] fate; destiny; the will of God
木讷 [mù nè] simple and modest in speech
讷于言 [nè yú yán] slow in speech
内省 [nèi xǐnɡ] self-examination
内自省 [nèi zì xǐnɡ] turning inward and examining oneself
内荏 [nèi rěn] inwardly weak
朋友信之 [pénɡ yǒu xìn zhī] making one’s friends believe one
朋友有信 [pénɡ yǒu yǒu xìn] trust between friends
匹夫之勇 [pǐ fū zhī yǒnɡ] the valor of a common man
贫贱不能移 [pín jiàn bù nénɡ yí] not swayed because of poverty and mean conditions
齐家 [qí jiā] keep a family in order
巧言 [qiǎo yán] beguiling words
切磋 [qiē cuō] cutting and polishing (to cultivate oneself)
切问 [qiè wèn] inquiring earnestly and appropriately
亲民 [qīn mín] treat the people as one would treat one’s family
亲亲 [qīn qīn] loving one’s family and relatives
亲仁 [qīn rén] make friends with good persons
求其放心 [qiú qí fànɡ xīn] seeking for a carefree mind
求生以害仁 [qiú shēnɡ yǐ hài rén] seeking to live at the expense of virtuous ways
去谗 [qù chán] getting rid of slander
去仁 [qù rén] abandoning benevolence
去人伦 [qù rén lún] banishing human relationships
群 [qún] sociability
群而不党 [qún ér bù dǎnɡ] sociable rather than a partisan
仁 [rén] perfect virtue; benevolence; goodness
仁声 [rén shēnɡ] reputation for kindness
仁言 [rén yán] kind/benevolent words
仁义 [rén yì] humaneness and righteousness
人爵 [rén jué] the nobility of man; official titles
人侮之 [rén wǔ zhī] being demeaned by others
任重 [rèn zhònɡ] accepting a heavy burden
柔 [róu] mildness; pliancy
儒家 [rú jiā] Confucianism
睿智 [ruì zhì] being able to perceive the deepest truths both quickly and accurately
三省吾身 [sān xǐnɡ wú shēn] reflecting upon oneself, regarding three points
三思而后行 [sān sī ér hòu xínɡ] think thrice and then act
色厉 [sè lì] stern appearance
杀身以成仁 [shā shēn yǐ chénɡ rén] sacrificing one’s life to preserve one’s virtue
尚志 [shànɡ zhì] aspiring to some goal
少者怀之 [shào zhě huái zhī] caring tenderly for the young
舍生取义 [shě shēnɡ qǔ yì] letting go of life and choosing righteousness instead
审问 [shěn wèn] accurate inquiry
慎 [shèn] caution; prudence
慎思 [shèn sī] careful reflection
慎于言 [shèn yú yán] careful in one’s speech
生于忧患 [shēnɡ yú yōu huàn] life springing from sorrow and calamity
省刑罚 [shěnɡ xínɡ fá] being reserved in the use of punishments and fines
施仁政 [shī rén zhènɡ] setting up a benevolent government for the people
使民以时 [shǐ mín yǐ shí] employment of the people at proper times
侍父母 [shì fù mǔ] serving the parents
述而不作 [shù ér bú zuò] be an interpreter rather than an author
思无邪 [sī wú xié] without depraved thoughts
死于安乐 [sǐ yú ān lè] death resulting from pleasure
天道 [tiān dào] the way of heaven
天地之化育 [tiān dì zhī huà yù] the transforming and nourishing powers of Heaven and Earth
天爵 [tiān jué] the nobility of Heaven (moral greatness)
天之所覆 [tiān zhī suǒ fù] everything under heaven
同而不和 [tónɡ ér bù hé] adulatory, but not affable
退以义 [tuì yǐ yì] retiring from office with the right attitude
威而不猛 [wēi ér bú měnɡ] majestic yet not fierce
威武不能屈 [wēi wǔ bù nénɡ qū] not bent by power or force
危行 [wēi xínɡ] lofty and bold actions
危言 [wēi yán] lofty and bold speech
违仁 [wéi rén] acting contrary to benevolent ways
为政以德 [wéi zhènɡ yǐ dé] exercising government by means of virtue
畏天 [wèi tiān] standing in awe of Heaven
温而厉 [wēn ér lì] mild and yet dignified
温故 [wēn ɡù] reviewing knowledge already acquired
无道 [wú dào] without the principles of truth and right; unprincipled course of action
无恶 [wú è] without wickedness
无骄 [wú jiāo] without pride
无倦 [wú juàn] without weariness
无曲防 [wú qū fánɡ] follow no crooked policy in making embankments
无违 [wú wéi] not disobedient
无忧 [wú yōu] without cause for grief
无谄 [wú chǎn] without flattery
毋必 [wú bì] without arbitrary necessities
毋固 [wú ɡù] without obstinacy
毋我 [wú wǒ] without egoism
毋意 [wú yì] without foregone conclusions
毋自欺 [wú zì qī] without self-deception
息邪说 [xī xié shuō] putting an end to perverse doctrines
下乔木而入幽谷 [xià qiáo mù ér rù yōu ɡǔ] descending from lofty trees to enter dark valleys-from a good circumstance to a bad/reduced one
先利 [xiān lì] putting self-advantage first
先慎乎德 [xiān shèn hū dé] being careful at first about morals
先行其言 [xiān xínɡ qí yán] acting before speaking
乡愿 [xiānɡ yuàn] indifferent and ambivalent attitude; hypocrite
小人犯刑 [xiǎo rén fàn xínɡ] Inferior man violates the penal code.
孝弟 [xiào dì] filial piety and brotherly giving-in
邪说 [xié shuō] perverse doctrine
心戒 [xīn jiè] always with carefulness
信 [xìn] truthfulness; sincerity
信而好古 [xìn ér hào ɡǔ] believing in and admiring the ancients
兴 [xīnɡ] stimulate the mind
兴邦 [xīnɡ bānɡ] making a country prosperous
兴于诗 [xīnɡ yú shī] (the mind is) aroused by the Odes
形 [xínɡ] outward appearance
行 [xínɡ] behavior
行拂乱其所为 [xínɡ fú luàn qí suǒ wéi] try one by frustrating one’s undertakings
行顾言 [xínɡ ɡù yán] actions consistent with words
行怪 [xínɡ ɡuài] practising wonders
修身 [xiū shēn] disciplining oneself; cultivating one’s personal character
羞恶之心义也 [xiū wù zhī xīn yì yě] feel shameful and to have dislike reflect a sense of righteousness.
恤孤 [xù ɡū] treating orphans with compassion
学而不厌 [xué ér bú yàn] studying without weariness/boredom
学而时习之 [xué ér shí xí zhī] constant reviewing/practicing of that already studied
言而有信 [yán ér yǒu xìn] reliable/trustworthy words
言顾行 [yán ɡù xínɡ] words consistent with actions
言性 [yán xìnɡ] discourse about man’s nature
殃民 [yānɡ mín] persecuting the people
养民 [yǎnɡ mín] caring for the people
养其性 [yǎnɡ qí xìnɡ] nourishing one’s nature
养心 [yǎnɡ xīn] nourishing the mind
一朝之患 [yì zhāo zhī huàn] sudden calamity
一瓢饮 [yī piáo yǐn] single gourd container of drink
一以贯之 [yī yǐ ɡuàn zhī] all-encompassing unity/principle
一治一乱 [yī zhì yī luàn] period of good order followed by one of confusion
一箪食 [yī dān shí] with only a single dish of rice -very poor
依于仁 [yī yú rén] stick to benevolent ways
以道殉身 [yǐ dào xùn shēn] giving up one’s principles for the sake of one’s life
以德报德 [yǐ dé bào dé] responding to kindness with kindness
以德报怨 [yǐ dé bào yuàn] responding to a slight with kindness
以身殉道 [yǐ shēn xùn dào] giving up one’s life for the sake of one’s principles
以文会友 [yǐ wén huì yǒu] meeting friends out of literary writing
以友辅仁 [yǐ yǒu fǔ rén] promoting benevolence by friendship
以彰有德 [yǐ zhānɡ yǒu dé] giving distinction to the virtuous
以直报怨 [yǐ zhí bào yuàn] responding to a slight with justice
艺 [yì] art; ability; skill
毅 [yì] perseverance
义 [yì] justice; righteousness; always with reverence
义以为质 [yì yǐ wéi zhì] righteousness as an essential nature
庸德之行 [yōnɡ dé zhī xínɡ] earnest practice of ordinary virtues
庸言之谨 [yōnɡ yán zhī jǐn] careful in ordinary speech
永言配命 [yǒnɡ yán pèi mìnɡ] trying to be in agreement with the will of Heaven
勇 [yǒnɡ] boldness; courage
尤人 [yóu rén] blaming others
游于艺 [yóu yú yì] finding relaxation and enjoyment in the arts
有别 [yǒu bié] able to differentiate; able to discriminate
有敬 [yǒu jìnɡ] able to command respect
有容 [yǒu rónɡ] possess forbearance
有执 [yǒu zhí] able to maintain a firm hold on
愚 [yú] foolishness; stupidity
喻于义 [yù yú yì] familiarity with what is right [especially public welfare and interest]
御暴 [yù bào] guard against violence
豫则立 [yù zé lì] success following from adequate preparation
远耻辱 [yuǎn chǐ rǔ] keeping away from shame and disgrace
远虑 [yuǎn lǜ] caring about what is distant
远怨 [yuǎn yuàn] keeping from being the object of resentment
怨 [yuàn] express feelings of resentment
怨天 [yuàn tiān] complaining to/against Heaven
约以礼 [yuē yǐ lǐ] restraining oneself out of propriety
在新民 [zài xīn mín] stir up new people; exhorting people to be good
责难于君 [zé nàn yú jūn] urging one’s sovereign to attempt the difficult achievements
责善 [zé shàn] urging the betterment of what is good
择善固执 [zé shàn ɡù zhí] choosing what is good, and holding onto it
增益其所不能 [zēnɡ yì qí suǒ bù nénɡ] compounding one’s incompetence
战喻 [zhàn yù] citing an illustration from war
长幼有序[zhǎnɡ yòu yǒu xù] the proper formailties between young and old
正而不谲 [zhènɡ ér bú jué] being honest rather than crafty
正人心 [zhènɡ rén xīn] setting men’s hearts in line
正心 [zhènɡ xīn] amending the heart
知本 [zhī běn] knowing and understanding the basis of something
知人 [zhī rén] acquiring an understanding of men
知天命 [zhī tiān mìnɡ] knowing the fate decreed by Heaven
知新 [zhī xīn] continually acquiring new knowledge
知之至 [zhī zhī zhì] perfection of knowledge
止于至善 [zhǐ yú zhì shàn] rest only when the highest excellence is reached
志于道 [zhì yú dào] set one’s will on the path of truth; set on what is right
志于仁 [zhì yú rén] directing the mind to benevolence; determined to be benevolent
至诚 [zhì chénɡ] perfect sincerity
至德 [zhì dé] reaching the highest point of virtuous activity
致知 [zhì zhī] reach toward the greatest knowledge and understanding
致中和 [zhì zhōnɡ hé] attain to a state of equilibrium and harmony
智 [zhì] knowledge; wisdom
治国 [zhì ɡuó] govern a state well
中立而不倚 [zhōnɡ lì ér bú yǐ] standing straight in the middle without leaning to either side
中庸 [zhōnɡ yōnɡ] Golden Mean
忠 [zhōnɡ] loyalty; honesty; devotion
终始 [zhōnɡ shǐ] end and beginning; basis and extension
主忠信 [zhǔ zhōnɡ xìn] holding loyalty and sincerity as one’s foremost principles
着其善 [zhuó qí shàn] displaying what is good
自暴者 [zì bào zhě] those who do violence to themselves with superiority complex
自弃者 [zì qì zhě] those who throw themselves away because of inferiority complex
自谦 [zì qiān] humble oneself
自侮 [zì wǔ] demeaning oneself
尊德乐义 [zūn dé lè yì] honor virtue and enjoy right conduct
尊贤 [zūn xián] honoring men of virtue and talent
尊贤育才 [zūn xián yù cái] honoring the worthy and raising the talented
作乱 [zuò luàn] rebellion; stirring up confusion